Received: 17.12.2025
Accepted: 23.12.2025
Published online: 30.12.2025
UDC 616.314.18-002.4-089.23
DOI: 10.70113/1815-9443.2025.50.99.001
RISK FACTORS FOR PERIODONTAL PATHOLOGIES DURING ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT
Dosberdiyeva G.T., Kulmanbetov R.I.
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Introduction. Inflammatory periodontal diseases are widespread and remain a significant dental health problem. The increasing number of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with braces is associated with a higher risk of periodontal diseases due to difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene, insufficient patient awareness, and a lack of regular monitoring. This makes the study of risk factors for periodontal diseases during orthodontic treatment particularly relevant.
Objective. To identify risk factors for the occurrence and development of periodontal diseases in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment for dentofacial anomalies using braces.
Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Orthodontics of the Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University and included a prospective controlled examination of 54 patients aged 15–38 years. Patient examinations were carried out in accordance with bioethical guidelines, and a standardized protocol was developed in compliance with the principles of the WHO Declaration of Helsinki. All patients provided voluntary informed consent after being informed about the aims and objectives of the study.
Results. The study revealed a high prevalence of periodontal inflammation among patients using braces: 74.1% exhibited pathological changes, including chronic catarrhal gingivitis (67.5%) and hypertrophic gingivitis (32.5%). Identified risk factors included inadequate oral hygiene, dental crowding, malocclusion, harmful habits (27.7%—smoking/vaping), unbalanced nutrition (51.9%), and concomitant somatic diseases (35.2%). The presence of braces reduced oral hygiene effectiveness and contributed to microbial biofilm accumulation. Only about half of the patients used additional oral hygiene aids, and only 55.5% were aware of the need for professional oral hygiene.
Conclusion. Despite the availability of modern oral hygiene methods and tools, orthodontic treatment with braces contributes to a decline in oral hygiene quality. Oral hygiene remains a key factor in preventing inflammatory periodontal diseases during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. It is essential to motivate patients to maintain proper individualized oral hygiene, adhere to a healthy lifestyle (elimination of harmful habits, balanced nutrition, timely detection and treatment of somatic diseases), and undergo regular monitoring by a periodontist.
Keywords: periodontal inflammation, braces, orthodontic treatment, oral hygiene.
