{"id":923,"date":"2026-06-30T14:46:37","date_gmt":"2026-06-30T14:46:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/?p=923"},"modified":"2026-06-30T22:00:43","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T22:00:43","slug":"%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%8e%d0%bd%d1%8b-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b5%d1%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%be%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d1%8b%d0%b9-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%be%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d1%81%d0%bb%d1%8e%d0%bd%d1%8b-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b8-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b5%d1%81\/","title":{"rendered":"SALIVA CYTOKINE PROFILE IN ENAMEL AND DENTIN CARIES"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Received by the Editorial Office: 13.05.2026<br \/>\nAccepted for publication: 27.05.2026<br \/>\nPublished online: 30.06.2026<br \/>\nUDC: 612.017:616.314-089.23\/.316.008.8<br \/>\nDOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.70113\/1815-9443.2026.36.82.010\">10.70113\/1815-9443.2026.36.82.010<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>SALIVA CYTOKINE PROFILE IN ENAMEL AND DENTIN CARIES<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Bayakhmetova A.A., Primbaeva A.N., Seidekhanova A.O.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>NJSC \u201cAsfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University\u201d, Almaty, Kazakhstan<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Introduction.<\/strong> The salivary cytokine profile characterizes the state of local oral immunity, which determines the susceptibility and resistance of dental hard tissues to pathogenic factors in microbial biofilm and the nature of the local immune response. Literature data indicate that caries is accompanied by an imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mixed unstimulated saliva. An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to increased permeability of dental hard tissues, activating demineralization and softening processes. However, it should be noted that most scientific studies have been conducted in children and adolescents.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objective.<\/strong> The aim of this study was to evaluate the salivary cytokine profile in patients with varying degrees of dental hard tissue damage: enamel caries with focal enamel demineralization (FED) after long-term fixed orthodontic treatment with bracket systems and mantle dentin caries in adults.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Materials and methods.<\/strong> The cytokine profile of mixed unstimulated saliva was determined in 67 adult patients with enamel and dentin caries using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits and instructions from Vector-BEST (Russia) in the immunology laboratory of the B.A. Atchabarov Research Institute of Physics and Microbiology of the S.D. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University. Statistical processing of the obtained digital data was performed using IBM SPSS version 27.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Results.<\/strong> As the carious process spreads to mantle dentin, a growing imbalance in the salivary cytokine profile indicates a significant prevalence of the pro-inflammatory component and the active formation of the Th1 immune response.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion.<\/strong> The findings indicate that progression of caries into mantle dentin is associated with a more pronounced pro-inflammatory imbalance in saliva. The cytokine ratios IL-1\u03b2\/IL-4, IL-6\/IL-4 and IL-8\/IL-4 were the most informative indicators, reflecting activation of cellular components of the local immune response and may serve as potential biomarkers of caries activity.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Keywords:<\/strong> enamel caries; dentin caries; saliva; cytokine profile; imbalance.<\/p>\n\n<style id=\"kama-click-counter-shortcode\">.kcc_block{ position:relative; padding:1em 0 2em; transition:background-color 0.4s; cursor:pointer; }\r\n.kcc_block img{ float:left; width:2.1em; height:auto; margin:0; border:0px !important; box-shadow:none !important; }\r\n.kcc_block .kcc_info_wrap{ padding-left:1em; margin-left:2.1em; }\r\n.kcc_block a{ border-bottom:0; }\r\n.kcc_block a.kcc_link{ text-decoration:none; display:block; font-size:150%; line-height:1.2; }\r\n.kcc_block .kcc_desc{ color:#666; }\r\n.kcc_block .kcc_info{ font-size:80%; color:#aaa; }\r\n.kcc_block:hover a{ text-decoration:none !important; }\r\n.kcc_block .kcc-edit-link{ position:absolute; top:0; right:.2em; }\r\n.kcc_block:after{ content:&quot;&quot;; display:table; clear:both; }<\/style>\n<div class=\"kcc_block\" title=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\">\r\n<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/wp-content\/plugins\/kama-clic-counter\/assets\/icons\/pdf.png\" alt=\"\" \/>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"kcc_info_wrap\">\r\n\t<a class=\"kcc_link\" href=\"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en?download=1&#038;kccpid=923&#038;kcccount=https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/10-\u0411\u0430\u044f\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430_\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439_\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c_Scopus_Vancouver_\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.pdf\" title=\"10-\u0411\u0430\u044f\u0445\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430_\u0446\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439_\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c_Scopus_Vancouver_\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435.pdf\">\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c: \u0426\u0418\u0422\u041e\u041a\u0418\u041d\u041e\u0412\u042b\u0419 \u041f\u0420\u041e\u0424\u0418\u041b\u042c \u0421\u041b\u042e\u041d\u042b \u041f\u0420\u0418 \u041a\u0410\u0420\u0418\u0415\u0421\u0415 \u042d\u041c\u0410\u041b\u0418 \u0418 \u0414\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0418\u041d\u0410<\/a>\r\n\t<div class=\"kcc_desc\"><\/div>\r\n\t<div class=\"kcc_info\">\u0421\u043a\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043d\u043e: 6, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440: 518.3 KB<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Received by the Editorial Office: 13.05.2026 Accepted for publication: 27.05.2026 Published online: 30.06.2026 UDC: 612.017:616.314-089.23\/.316.008.8 DOI: 10.70113\/1815-9443.2026.36.82.010 SALIVA CYTOKINE PROFILE IN ENAMEL AND DENTIN CARIES<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,10],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-02-2026","category-10"],"a3_pvc":{"activated":false,"total_views":0,"today_views":0},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/923","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=923"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/923\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":928,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/923\/revisions\/928"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=923"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=923"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dentistrykazakhstan.kz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=923"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}